On April 28, 2021, the White House released details on President Biden’s new $1.8 trillion American Families Plan. The proposal follows the already passed $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act and the recently proposed $2.3 trillion infrastructure-focused American Jobs Plan. The details were released in advance of President Biden’s address to a joint session of Congress.

On April 28, 2021, the White House released details on President Biden’s new $1.8 trillion American Families Plan. The proposal follows the already passed $1.9 trillion American Rescue Plan Act and the recently proposed $2.3 trillion infrastructure-focused American Jobs Plan. The details were released in advance of President Biden’s address to a joint session of Congress.

The plan includes many provisions that would make good on the President’s campaign promises. The proposal would provide universal preschool to three and four year-olds, two free years of community college, and free tuition for certain universities specializing in serving underrepresented students. The plan would also invest in teacher and child care education, provide free or lower cost child care to lower income families, expand paid leave programs, and improve the quality of student lunch programs. It would also establish automatic adjustments to unemployment insurance, depending upon economic conditions.

Personal Tax Breaks Extended

The proposal would also extend tax benefits already signed into law under the American Rescue Plan Act. This includes:

• extending enhanced premium tax credits and making premium reductions permanent;
• extending the enhanced child tax credit through 2025 (currently a fully refundable $3,000 per child ($3,600 for a child under age six) for 2021 only);
• permanently extending the enhancements of the child and dependent care tax credit, which increase the amount of the credit as well as the incomes at which the credit is phased out;
• permanently extending the increased earned income tax credit for taxpayers without children.

Tax Changes, TCJA Rollback

On the campaign trail, President Biden promised to increase taxes on both corporations and higher-income individuals. While the provisions of the American Jobs Plan are largely funded through a proposed increase in the corporate tax rate from 21% to 28%, the provisions of his American Families Plan are funded by the promised increases to individual taxes.

The proposal would increase the top tax rate on individuals to 39.6 percent from the current rate of 37 percent. This would return the tax rate on the highest bracket of income to where it was before the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act took effect in 2018.

The proposal would also increase the tax rate on capital gains and dividends for households making over $1 million, to match the 39.6 percent rate on income. For 2021, capital gains and certain qualified dividends are taxed at 20 percent for joint filers with taxable income of $496,000 or more.

The plan proposes to eliminate the tax-free step-up in basis on inherited property where the gain would be in excess of $1 million (up to $2.5 million in the case of a couple using existing real estate exemptions. The plan also eliminates the carried interest loophole that allows hedge fund partners to pay tax on income at capital gains rates. The plan would also limit a provision allowing for tax deferral on property exchanges, permanently extend the limitation on excess business losses, and ensure that higher income taxpayers cannot avoid the 3.8 percent Medicare tax.

The plan also provides increased funding for the IRS to improve enforcement, specifically to ensure that higher income taxpayers are unable to avoid proper payment of taxes. While the White House estimates that this will produce an additional $700 billion in revenue over 10 years, many believe this to be a vast overestimate.

Notably absent from the plan is an increase to the cap on the deduction of state and local taxes. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act set a $10,000 limit for the deduction, but many lawmakers, particularly those representing higher tax states like New York and California, have been pressing to increase the limit or completely eliminate it

Next Steps?

It is uncertain when Congress may take up the process of proposing legislation carrying out the American Families Plan. President Biden has indicated his willingness to negotiate on any proposals he makes. However, the chilly reception to his American Jobs Plan does not indicate a smooth process to get a vote on a legislative package for the infrastructure proposal, let alone passage with razor-thin majorities in both chambers of Congress. With many lawmakers indicated that they want to work on infrastructure before moving on to other proposals, the process from proposal to law could stretch out for months.

The IRS announced that it had started issuing refunds to eligible taxpayers who paid taxes on 2020 unemployment compensation that was excluded from taxable income by the recently enacted American Rescue Plan (ARP) (P.L. 117-2).

The IRS announced that it had started issuing refunds to eligible taxpayers who paid taxes on 2020 unemployment compensation that was excluded from taxable income by the recently enacted American Rescue Plan (ARP) ( P.L. 117-2).

Unemployment compensation is taxable income, but the ARP excludes $10,200 in unemployment compensation from the income used to calculate the amount of taxes owed. The $10,200 per person exclusion applies to taxpayers who are single or married filing jointly, with modified adjusted gross income of less than $150,000. The $10,200 is the amount of income exclusion, not the amount of the refund itself.

The IRS has identified over 10 million taxpayers who filed their tax returns prior to the ARP becoming law in March, and is reviewing past returns to determine the correct taxable amount of unemployment compensation and tax. This could potentially result in a refund, reduced balance due, or with no refund being owed.

The first phase of adjustments is being made for single taxpayers who had the simplest tax returns, such as those filed by taxpayers who did not claim children or any refundable tax credits. Notices explaining the corrections will be sent to taxpayers, and are expected to reach them within 30 days of the correction being made.

The IRS stated that it will issue refunds by direct deposit to taxpayers who provided their bank account information on their returns. Alternatively, refunds will be mailed as a paper check to the taxpayer’s address of record.

These refunds will be subject to normal offset rules, such as past-due federal tax, state income tax, state unemployment compensation debts, child support, spousal support or certain federal nontax debts, such as student loans. The IRS will send separate notices to those taxpayers whose refunds could be offset to settle unpaid debts.

Further, corrections to any Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) without qualifying children and the recovery rebate credit are being made automatically as part of this process. However, some taxpayers may be eligible for certain income-based tax credits that were not claimed on their original return. The IRS also reminded taxpayers to file an amended tax return if the revised adjusted gross income amount makes them eligible for additional benefits.

A safe harbor is available for certain Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan recipients who relied on prior IRS guidance and did not deduct eligible business expenses. These taxpayers may elect to deduct the expenses for their first tax year following their 2020 tax year, rather than filing an amended return or administrative adjustment request for 2020.

A safe harbor is available for certain Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loan recipients who relied on prior IRS guidance and did not deduct eligible business expenses. These taxpayers may elect to deduct the expenses for their first tax year following their 2020 tax year, rather than filing an amended return or administrative adjustment request for 2020.

The IRS had initially determined that businesses whose PPP loans were forgiven or expected to be forgiven could not deduct business expenses paid for by the loan. However, the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 ( P.L. 116-260), enacted on December 27, 2020, subsequently permitted taxpayers to deduct these expenses.

Safe Harbor Eligibility

To be eligible for the safe harbor, the taxpayer must have received an original PPP covered loan and filed a federal income tax return or information return for the 2020 tax year on or before December 27, 2020. The taxpayer must have paid or incurred original eligible expenses during the taxpayer’s 2020 tax year that the taxpayer did not deduct because:

• the expenses resulted in forgiveness of the original PPP covered loan; or
• the taxpayer reasonably expected at the end of the 2020 tax year that the expenses would result in forgiveness.

Electing the Safe Harbor

A taxpayer elects the safe harbor by attaching a statement to a timely, including extensions, federal income tax return or information return for the taxpayer’s first tax year following the 2020 tax year in which the original eligible expenses were paid or incurred. The statement must include:

• the taxpayer’s name, address, and social security number or taxpayer identification number;
• a statement that the taxpayer is applying the safe harbor provided by section 3.01 of Revenue Procedure 2021-20;
• the amount and date of disbursement of the taxpayer’s original PPP loan; and
• a list, including descriptions and amounts, of the original eligible expenses.

Certain Expenses and Loans Not Covered

The safe harbor applies only to original eligible expenses, and not to additional expenses that were added by the Consolidated Appropriations Act. The safe applies only to original PPP loans. It does not apply to PPP second draw loans.

Individuals may use two special procedures to file returns for 2020 that allow them to receive advance payments of the 2021 child credit and the 2021 Recovery Rebate Credit.

Individuals may use two special procedures to file returns for 2020 that allow them to receive advance payments of the 2021 child credit and the 2021 Recovery Rebate Credit. Under the procedures:

• individuals who are not required to file returns for 2020 can use a simplified federal income tax return filing procedure; and
• individuals with zero adjusted gross income (AGI) for 2020 can file electronic returns by entering "$1" in several fields.

Simplified Return Procedures

Individuals may file simplified 2020 returns electronically or on paper if they have not filed and are not required to file 2020 returns. The simplified procedures apply to Forms 1040, 1040-SR and 1040-NR.

The individual should write "Rev. Proc. 2021-24" at the top of a paper return. The procedure includes detailed instructions for providing identification, income and direct deposit information.

Zero AGI

Many filing systems for electronic returns will not accept returns that report zero AGI. To file an electronic return, in addition to all other information required to be entered on Form 1040, Form 1040-SR, or Form 1040-NR, an individual with no AGI should report:

• $1 as taxable interest on line 2b of the form;
• $1 as total income on line 9 of the form; and
• $1 as AGI on line 11 of the form.

Filers of Form 1040-NR with no AGI should also report $1 as itemized deductions on lines 7 and 8 of Schedule A (Form 1040-NR) and line 12 of Form 1040-NR.

Returns Must Be Accurate

Simplified returns and zero-AGI electronic returns are federal income tax returns for all purposes. Thus, the individual must properly sign the return under penalties of perjury. The returns must also provide accurate information. However, the IRS will not challenge the accuracy of income items reported by taxpayers using these special procedures.

Individuals Who Filed 2020 Returns

Individuals who have already filed their 2020 returns do not have to do anything further to:

• receive advance child credit payments for an eligible child shown on that return;
• receive a third-round Economic Impact Payment (EIP) for the 2021 recovery rebate credit that is attributable to a dependent shown on that return; or
• claim a previously claimed 2020 recovery rebate credit and additional 2020 recovery rebate credit for themselves and for each eligible qualifying child.

Similarly, an individual who filed a federal income tax return for 2019, including by entering information in the "Non-Filers: Enter Information Here" tool on the IRS website, also do not need to file any additional forms of contact the IRS in order to receive advance child credit payments for a qualifying child shown on that return. An individual who did not receive EIPs for the full amount of the 2020 Recovery Rebate Credits may claim them by filing a 2020 federal income tax return.

U.S. Territory Residents

The simplified return and zero-AGI procedures do not apply to residents of American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.

• Residents of Puerto Rico may be eligible to claim the child tax credit from the IRS under procedures to be announced at a later date, but they are not eligible to receive advance child tax credit payments.
• Residents of other U.S. territories should contact their local territory tax agency for additional information about the child tax credit and advance child tax credit payments, third-round economic impact payments, the 2020 recovery rebate credit, and the additional 2020 recovery rebate credit.

The IRS has provided guidance for employers, plan administrators, and health insurers regarding the new credit available to them for providing continuation health coverage to certain individuals under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) emergency.

The IRS has provided guidance for employers, plan administrators, and health insurers regarding the new credit available to them for providing continuation health coverage to certain individuals under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) during the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) emergency.

COBRA provides eligible former employees, retirees, spouses, former spouses, and dependent children with the right to temporary continuation of health coverage at group rates. COBRA generally covers health plans maintained by private-sector employers with 20 or more full and part-time employees. It also covers employee organizations or federal, state or local governments. State mini-COBRA laws often provide similar benefits for insured small employers not subject to Federal COBRA.

The American Rescue Plan Act ( P.L. 117-2) provided a temporary 100% reduction in the premium that individuals would have to pay when they elect COBRA continuation health coverage following a reduction in hours or an involuntary termination of employment. The new law provides a corresponding tax credit for the entities that maintain group health plans, such as employers, multiemployer plans, and insurers. The 100% reduction in the premium and the credit are also available with respect to continuation coverage provided for those events under comparable state laws, sometimes referred to as "mini-COBRA."

Under the new law, COBRA premium assistance is available to eligible individuals as of the first period of coverage beginning on or after April 1, 2021, and will not be available for periods of coverage beginning after September 30, 2021. For each Assistance Eligible Individual, COBRA premium assistance does not extend beyond the period of COBRA continuation coverage in the event that the period ends prior to September 30, 2021. If an individual receiving premium assistance becomes eligible for coverage under any other group health plan or for Medicare, the premium assistance period ends.

Example: On April 1, 2021, the individual’s employment is terminated, and the individual becomes a qualified beneficiary. The individual elects COBRA continuation coverage and becomes an Assistance Eligible Individual with COBRA continuation coverage beginning on April 1, 2021, the date the individual lost coverage. On July 1, 2021, the individual becomes eligible for coverage under a group health plan sponsored by the employer of the individual’s spouse and ceases to be an Assistance Eligible Individual. The individual ceases COBRA continuation coverage as of July 1, 2021, and enrolls in coverage in the group health plan sponsored by the employer of the individual’s spouse. On August 1, 2021, the individual’s spouse has an involuntary termination of employment, and as a result the individual and spouse lose coverage. The individual and spouse become qualified beneficiaries due to the loss of coverage and elect COBRA continuation coverage with the plan sponsored by the spouse’s employer. The individual and spouse become Assistance Eligible Individuals with respect to COBRA continuation coverage as of August 1, 2021.

In Notice 2021-31, the IRS has provided information regarding the calculation of the credit, the eligibility of individuals, the premium assistance period, and other information vital to employers, plan administrators, and insurers to understand the credit.

The IRS has reminded employers that under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARP) ( P.L. 117-2), small and midsize employers and certain government employers are entitled to claim refundable tax credits that reimburse them for the cost of providing paid sick and family leave to their employees due to COVID-19. This includes leave taken by employees to receive or recover from COVID-19 vaccinations.

The IRS has reminded employers that under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARP) ( P.L. 117-2), small and midsize employers and certain government employers are entitled to claim refundable tax credits that reimburse them for the cost of providing paid sick and family leave to their employees due to COVID-19. This includes leave taken by employees to receive or recover from COVID-19 vaccinations.

ARP tax credits are available to eligible employers that pay sick and family for leave from April 1, 2021, through September 30, 2021. Under the Act, eligible employers include any business, including tax-exempt organizations with fewer than 500 employees who are not able to work or telework due to reasons related to COVID-19, including needing to recover from any injury, disability, illness or condition related to the vaccinations.

The IRS has informed taxpayers that the paid leave credits under the ARP are tax credits against the employer’s share of the Medicare tax. The tax credits are refundable, and the employer is entitled to payment of the full amount of credits if it exceeds the employer’s share of the Medicare tax. The tax credit for paid sick leave wages is equal to the sick leave wages paid for COVID-19 related reasons, for up to two weeks at 100 percent of the employee’s regular rate of pay. Further, the tax credit for paid family leave wages is equal to the family leave wages paid for up to twelve weeks, at 2/3rds of the employee’s regular rate of pay. Importantly, the amount of these tax credits increases according to allocable health plan expenses and contributions for certain collectively bargained benefits, as well as the employer’s share of social security and Medicare taxes paid on the wages.

Eligible employers are recommended to report their total paid sick and family leave wages, health plan expenses and collectively bargained contributions, including their share of social security and Medicare taxes on the paid leave wages for each quarter on their federal employment tax return. Form 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, can be used to report income tax and social security and Medicare taxes withheld from employee wages.

Further, in anticipation of claiming the credits on the Form 941, eligible employers can retain the federal employment taxes that they otherwise would have deposited, including federal income tax withheld, the employees’ share of social security, Medicare taxes and their share of social security and Medicare taxes with respect to all employees up to the amount of credit for which they are eligible. If, however, an eligible employer does not have enough federal employment taxes set aside for deposit to cover amounts provided as paid sick and family leave wages, the eligible employer may request an advance of the credits by filing Form 7200, Advance Payment of Employer Credits Due to COVID-19. The eligible employer will then have to account for the amounts received as an advance when they file Form 941, Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the relevant quarter. Finally, self-employed individuals may claim comparable tax credits on their individual Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return.

The IRS has reminded taxpayers who owe 2020 taxes that there are different ways to pay their taxes online, including payment options for many people who cannot pay in full.

The IRS has reminded taxpayers who owe 2020 taxes that there are different ways to pay their taxes online, including payment options for many people who cannot pay in full.

The IRS stated that the most important thing that taxpayers with a tax bill should do is file a return by the May 17 due date, even if they cannot pay in full, or request a six-month extension to avoid higher penalties for failing to file on time. The IRS emphasized that even though automatic tax filing extensions are available, these extensions do not change the payment deadline.

Further, interest, plus the much smaller late-payment penalty, will apply to any payments made after May 17. Normally, the late-payment penalty is one-half-of-one percent (0.5%) per month. The interest rate, adjusted quarterly, is currently 3% per year, compounded daily.

The IRS urges taxpayers to use Direct Pay, which is the fastest and easiest way to pay a personal tax bill. In addition, the IRS has noted that online payment plans are processed more quickly than requests submitted with electronically-filed tax returns.

There are two main types of online payment plans:

• Short-term payment plan: The payment period is 120 days or less and the total amount owed is less than $100,000 in combined tax, penalties and interest. A 180-day payment plan is also possible, but is only available by calling or writing the IRS.
• Long-term payment plan ( "installment agreement"): Payments are made monthly, and the amount owed must be less than $50,000 in combined tax, penalties and interest. If the IRS approves an installment agreement, a setup fee normally applies, but low-income taxpayers may qualify to have the fee waived or reimbursed. In addition, for anyone who filed their return on time, the late-payment penalty rate is cut in half while an installment agreement is in effect. This means that the penalty accrues at the rate of one-quarter-of-one percent (0.25%) per month, instead of the usual one-half-of-one percent (0.5%) per month.

Taxpayers who do not qualify for an online payment agreement may still be able to arrange to pay in installments. If the IRS determines a taxpayer is unable to pay, it may delay collection until their financial condition improves. Taxpayers can request a delay by calling the phone number on their IRS notice or 800-829-1040.

Some taxpayers can qualify to settle their tax bill for less than the full amount due through an offer in compromise. Though there is typically a $205 non-refundable application fee, it is generally waived for low-income taxpayers, and for offers based on doubt as to liability. The Offer in Compromise Pre-Qualifier tool can help determine eligibility for anyone interested in applying.

The IRS reminds taxpayers that May includes National Hurricane Preparedness Week and National Wildfire Awareness Month. It urges taxpayers to create or review emergency preparedness plans for surviving natural disasters.

The IRS reminds taxpayers that May includes National Hurricane Preparedness Week and National Wildfire Awareness Month. It urges taxpayers to create or review emergency preparedness plans for surviving natural disasters.

The IRS advises taxpayers to do the following:

• Secure key documents such as tax returns, birth certificates, deeds, titles and insurance policies inside waterproof containers in a secure space. Keep duplicates of these documents with a trusted person outside the area of the taxpayer. Scan these documents for backup storage on electronic media such as a flash drive.
• Take current photos or videos of a home or business’s contents, especially expensive and high value items. The IRS disaster-loss workbooks in IRS Pub. 584-B can help individuals and businesses compile lists of belongings or business equipment.
• Employers who use payroll service providers should ask the provider if it has a fiduciary bond in place. The bond could protect the employer in the event of default by the payroll service provider.
• Reconstructing records after a disaster may be required for tax purposes, getting federal assistance or insurance reimbursement. Taxpayers who have lost some or all their records during a disaster can visit IRS’s Reconstructing Records webpage as one of their first steps.

Dependent care assistance benefits carryovers and extended claims period amounts that would have been excluded from income if used during the preceding tax year will remain excludable in tax years ending in 2021 and 2022. In addition, these benefits will not be taken into account in determining the dependent care benefits exclusion limit for the tax years ending in 2021 and 2022.

Dependent care assistance benefits carryovers and extended claims period amounts that would have been excluded from income if used during the preceding tax year will remain excludable in tax years ending in 2021 and 2022. In addition, these benefits will not be taken into account in determining the dependent care benefits exclusion limit for the tax years ending in 2021 and 2022.

Dependent Care Assistance Exclusion

Employees may exclude amounts their employer pays or incurs for dependent care assistance benefits if furnished pursuant to a dependent care assistance program. For 2020, the exclusion could not exceed $5,000, $2,500 if married filing separately (for 2021 only, increased to $10,500, $5,250 if married filing separately). Unused benefits may be used during a 2 1/2 month grace period following the plan year’s end. However, if the sum of the benefits used in the tax year (including unused benefits used during a grace period that falls in the tax year) exceeds the limitation, the excess is taxable.

Carryovers and Extensions

Beyond the grace period, carryovers of unused dependent care assistance program amounts generally are not permitted. However, the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020 ( P.L. 116-260) allowed employers to amend their plans to permit carryovers to plan years ending in 2021 and 2022, or to extend the permissible period for incurring claims to plan years over the same period.

Under Notice 2021-15, I.R.B. 2021-10, 898, if an employer adopts the carryover or the extended period, the annual limits apply to amounts contributed for a year, and not to amounts reimbursed or otherwise available for reimbursement.

Notice 2021-26 clarifies that dependent care assistance program benefits that would have been excluded from income if used during the tax year ending in 2020 or 2021, remain eligible for exclusion from the participant’s gross income, and are disregarded in applying the limits for the employee's subsequent tax years when they are carried over from a plan year ending in 2020 or 2021 or permitted to be used pursuant to an extended claims period.

Notice 2021-26 also provides examples illustrating the possible tax consequences of electing $10,500 in benefits for a plan year beginning in 2021 but ending in 2022.

The Treasury Department has released a statement discussing investment in the IRS and improving tax compliance. 

The Treasury Department has released a statement discussing investment in the IRS and improving tax compliance. While roughly 99 percent of the taxes due on wages are remitted to the IRS, compliance across other forms of income is substantially less, because the IRS has had difficulty verifying whether income from unverified sources is properly reported. The Treasury states that noncompliance is concentrated at the top of the distribution: according to a recent study, the top one percent failed to report 20 percent of their income, and failed to pay nearly $175 billion in taxes owed annually.

The Treasury states that lower levels of compliance not only negatively impact tax progressivity, but also lower tax revenue and deteriorate the country’s fiscal position. If left unaddressed, the difference between taxes owed to the government and taxes actually paid will total approximately $7 trillion in the next 10 years. This massive gap in revenue would mean that policymakers must choose between higher taxes elsewhere in the tax system, lower spending on fiscal priorities, or rising budget deficits. This tax gap has many underlying causes, with insufficient resources being at the forefront. In addition, budget cuts over the past decade have resulted in an IRS that lacks the capacity to address sophisticated tax evasion efforts. Over this period, audit rates for taxpayers making over $1 million in income have fallen by almost 80 percent.

To ensure a fair and effective tax system, the Treasury says that a robust and sustained investment in the IRS is necessary. The IRS requires access to 21st century technology and to better information, so that it can target its efforts at offenders while helping compliant taxpayers avoid unnecessary and costly audits. Importantly, this investment will also put the IRS in a position to provide taxpayers with timely answers to questions.

The Treasury has listed some considerations that provide the basis for a series of proposals in the American Families Plan (AFP). The AFP intends to overhaul tax administration and provide the IRS with the resources and information it needs to address tax evasion. These reforms are expected to generate an additional $700 billion in tax revenue over the course of a decade. The reforms are expected to:

• Provide the IRS with necessary resources to stop sophisticated tax evasion. A key component of this initiative is the provision of a sustained, multi-year stream of funds to help the IRS tackle costly tax evasion.
• Provide the IRS with more complete information on third parties. When the IRS has information from third parties, income is accurately reported, and taxes are fully paid. Importantly, this proposal intends to provide additional information to the IRS without an increased burden on taxpayers. It leverages the information that financial institutions have about account holders, requiring that they add to their regular, annual reports information about aggregate account outflows and inflows.
• Overhaul outdated technology to help IRS identify tax evasion, by providing the IRS with resources to modernize its technological infrastructure.
• Improve taxpayer service and deliver tax credits. Service enhancement will improve the ability of the IRS to communicate with taxpayers securely and promptly. The proposal would also include the necessary resources to ensure that the IRS efficiently delivers credits to families and workers, including newly expanded child tax credits and child and dependent care tax credits.
• Regulate paid tax preparers by providing the IRS with legal authority to implement safeguards in the tax preparation industry. This includes stiffer penalties for unscrupulous or "ghost preparers" who fail to identify themselves on tax returns and defraud taxpayers.

Michael Jackson’s image and likeness, as well as his interests in two trusts—one trust (NHT II) that held his interest in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing, LLC, and one trust (NHT III) that held Mijac Music—were valued for estate tax purposes.

Michael Jackson’s image and likeness, as well as his interests in two trusts—one trust (NHT II) that held his interest in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing, LLC, and one trust (NHT III) that held Mijac Music—were valued for estate tax purposes.

Image and Likeness

The estate claimed that the decedent’s image and likeness was valued at about $2,000. However, at trial, the estate brought in additional experts and increased the value to about $3 million. This amount was based on a 10-year revenue projection, which examined pre-death revenue, post-death rights, and growth and decline rates using pre-death marketability and a potential post-death boom. An estimate of expenses incurred in administering the image and likeness and expenses related to rehabilitation of the decedent’s image reduced the revenue stream. As a result, the Tax Court determined that the date-of-death value of the decedent’s image was $4.1 million.

Interest in Sony/ATV

In the years prior to his death, the decedent had borrowed against his interest in the Sony/ATV company. The company was valued using the discounted cash flow method. After finding the value of the company as a whole, a discount for lack of control was applied to one-half of that amount to reflect the decedent’s 50-percent interest. Because of the debt secured by the interest, however, the Tax Court determined that the date-of-death value of NHT II was zero.

Interest in Mijac Music

The major asset of NHT III was Mijac Music, which owned compositions from many artists, including the decedent. The decedent also assigned the income he earned from his writer’s share of certain performance revenue to NHT III. The discounted cashflow analysis was used again and the court determined the revenue streams of Mijac Music and the writer’s share of revenue. After subtracting the trust’s liabilities from the revenue, the Tax Court determined the value of NHT III was $107 million.

No Penalties

Although the values differed widely, the estate was not liable for accuracy-related penalties. Its reliance on the appraisal values was reasonable.

If you use your car for business purposes, you may have learned that keeping track and properly logging the variety of expenses you incur for tax purposes is not always easy. Practically speaking, how often and how you choose to track expenses associated with the business use of your car depends on your personality; whether you are a meticulous note-taker or you simply abhor recordkeeping. However, by taking a few minutes each day in your car to log your expenses, you may be able to write-off a larger percentage of your business-related automobile costs.

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If you use your car for business purposes, you may have learned that keeping track and properly logging the variety of expenses you incur for tax purposes is not always easy. Practically speaking, how often and how you choose to track expenses associated with the business use of your car depends on your personality; whether you are a meticulous note-taker or you simply abhor recordkeeping. However, by taking a few minutes each day in your car to log your expenses, you may be able to write-off a larger percentage of your business-related automobile costs.

Regardless of the type of record keeper you consider yourself to be, there are numerous ways to simplify the burden of logging your automobile expenses for tax purposes. This article explains the types of expenses you need to track and the methods you can use to properly and accurately track your car expenses, thereby maximizing your deduction and saving taxes.

Expense methods

The two general methods allowed by the IRS to calculate expenses associated with the business use of a car include the standard mileage rate method or the actual expense method. The standard mileage rate for 2017 is 53.5 cents per mile. In addition, you can deduct parking expenses and tolls paid for business. Personal property taxes are also deductible, either as a personal or a business expense. While you are not required to substantiate expense amounts under the standard mileage rate method, you must still substantiate the amount, time, place and business purpose of the travel.

The actual expense method requires the tracking of all your vehicle-related expenses. Actual car expenses that may be deducted under this method include: oil, gas, depreciation, principal lease payments (but not interest), tolls, parking fees, garage rent, registration fees, licenses, insurance, maintenance and repairs, supplies and equipment, and tires. These are the operating costs that the IRS permits you to write-off. For newly-purchased vehicles in years in which bonus depreciation is available, opting for the actual expense method may make particularly good sense since the standard mileage rate only builds in a modest amount of depreciation each year. For example, for 2017, when 50 percent bonus depreciation is allowed, maximum first year depreciation is capped at $11,160 (as compared to $3,160 for vehicles that do not qualify). In general, the actual expense method usually results in a greater deduction amount than the standard mileage rate. However, this must be balanced against the increased substantiation burden associated with tracking actual expenses. If you qualify for both methods, estimate your deductions under each to determine which method provides you with a larger deduction.

Substantiation requirements

Taxpayers who deduct automobile expenses associated with the business use of their car should keep an account book, diary, statement of expenses, or similar record. This is not only recommended by the IRS, but essential to accurate expense tracking. Moreover, if you use your car for both business and personal errands, allocations must be made between the personal and business use of the automobile. In general, adequate substantiation for deduction purposes requires that you record the following:

• The amount of the expense;
• The amount of use (i.e. the number of miles driven for business purposes);
• The date of the expenditure or use; and
• The business purpose of the expenditure or use.

Suggested recordkeeping: Actual expense method

An expense log is a necessity for taxpayers who choose to use the actual expense method for deducting their car expenses. First and foremost, always keep your receipts, copies of cancelled checks and bills paid. Maintaining receipts, bills paid and copies of cancelled checks is imperative (even receipts from toll booths). These receipts and documents show the date and amount of the purchase and can support your expenditures if the IRS comes knocking. Moreover, if you fail to log these expenses on the day you incurred them, you can look back at the receipt for all the essentials (i.e. time, date, and amount of the expense).

Types of Logs. Where you decide to record your expenses depends in large part on your personal preferences. While an expense log is a necessity, there are a variety of options available to track your car expenditures - from a simple notebook, expense log or diary for those less technologically inclined (and which can be easily stored in your glove compartment) - to the use of a smartphone or computer. Apps specifically designed to help track your car expenses can be easily downloaded onto your iPhone or Android device.

Timeliness. Although maintaining a daily log of your expenses is ideal - since it cuts down on the time you may later have to spend sorting through your receipts and organizing your expenses - this may not always be the case for many taxpayers. According to the IRS, however, you do not need to record your expenses on the very day they are incurred. If you maintain a log on a weekly basis and it accounts for your use of the automobile and expenses during the week, the log is considered a timely-kept record. Moreover, the IRS also allows taxpayers to maintain records of expenses for only a portion of the tax year, and then use those records to substantiate expenses for the entire year if he or she can show that the records are representative of the entire year. This is referred to as the sampling method of substantiation. For example, if you keep a record of your expenses over a 90-day period, this is considered an adequate representation of the entire year.

Suggested Recordkeeping: Standard mileage rate method

If you loathe recordkeeping and cannot see yourself adequately maintaining records and tracking your expenses (even on a weekly basis), strongly consider using the standard mileage rate method. However, taking the standard mileage rate does not mean that you are given a pass by the IRS to maintaining any sort of records. To claim the standard mileage rate, appropriate records would include a daily log showing miles traveled, destination and business purpose. If you incur mileage on one day that includes both personal and business, allocate the miles between the two uses. A mileage record log, whether recorded in a notebook, log or handheld device, is a necessity if you choose to use the standard mileage rate.

If you have any questions about how to properly track your automobile expenses for tax purposes, please call our office. We would be happy to explain your responsibilities and the tax consequences and benefits of adequately logging your car expenses.

These days, both individuals and businesses buy goods, services, even food on-line. Credit card payments and other bills are paid over the internet, from the comfort of one's home or office and without any trip to the mailbox or post office.

Now, what is probably your biggest "bill" can be paid on-line: your federal income taxes.

There are three online federal tax payment options available for both businesses and individuals: electronic funds withdrawal, credit card payments and the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System. If you are not doing so already, you should certainly consider the convenience -and safety-- of paying your tax bill online.  While all the options are now "mainstream" and have been used for at least several years, safe and convenient, each has its own benefits as well as possible drawbacks. The pros and cons of each payment option should be weighed in light of your needs and preferences.

Electronic Funds Withdrawal

Electronic funds withdrawal (or EFW) is available only to taxpayers who e-file their returns. EFW is available whether you e-file on your own, or with the help of a tax professional or software such as TurboTax. E-filing and e-paying through EFW eliminates the need to send in associated paper forms.

Through EFW, you schedule when a tax payment is to be directly withdrawn from your bank account. The EFW option allows you to e-file early and, at the same time, schedule a tax payment in the future. The ability to schedule payment for a specific day is an important feature since you decide when the payment is taken out of your account. You can even schedule a payment right up to your particular filing deadline.

The following are some of the tax liabilities you can pay with EFW:

• Individual income tax returns (Form 1040)
• Trust and estate income tax returns (Form 1041)
• Partnership income tax returns (Forms 1065 and 1065-B)
• Corporation income tax returns for Schedule K-1 (Forms 1120, 1120S, and 1120POL)
• Estimated tax for individuals (Form 1040)
• Unemployment taxes (Form 940)
• Quarterly employment taxes (Form 941)
• Employers annual federal tax return (Form 944)
• Private foundation returns (Form 990-PF)
• Heavy highway vehicle use returns (Form 2290)
• Quarterly federal excise tax returns (Form 720)

For a return filed after the filing deadline, the payment is effective on the filing date. However, electronic funds withdrawals can not be initiated after the tax return or Form 1040 is filed with the IRS. Moreover, a scheduled payment can be canceled up until two days before the payment.

EFW does not allow you to make payments greater than the balance you owe on your return. Therefore, you can't pay any penalty or interest due through EFW and would need to choose another option for these types of payments. While a payment can be cancelled up to two business days before the scheduled payment date, once your e-filed return is accepted by the IRS, your scheduled payment date cannot be changed. Thus, if you need to change the date of the payment, you have to cancel the original payment transaction and chose another payment method. Importantly, if your financial institution can't process your payment, such as if there are insufficient funds, you are responsible for making the payment, including potential penalties and interest. Finally, while EFW is a free service provided by the Treasury, your financial institution most likely charges a "convenience fee."

Credit Card Payments

Do you have your card ready? The Treasury Department is now accepting American Express, Discover, MasterCard, and VISA.

Both businesses and individual taxpayers can make tax payments with a credit card, whether they file a paper return or e-file. A credit card payment can be made by phone, when e-filing with tax software or a professional tax preparer, or with an on-line service provider authorized by the IRS. Some tax software developers offer integrated e-file and e-pay options for taxpayers who e-file their return and want to use a credit card to pay a balance due.

However, there is a convenience fee charged by service providers. While fees vary by service provider, they are typically based on the amount of your tax payment or a flat fee per transaction. For example, you owe $2,500 in taxes and your service provider charges a 2.49% convenience fee. The total fee to the service provider will be $62.25. Generally, the minimum convenience fee is $1.00 and they can rise to as much as 3.93% of your payment.

The following are some tax payments that can be made with a credit card:

• Individual income tax returns (Form 1040)
• Estimated income taxes for individuals (Form 1040-ES)
• Unemployment taxes (Form 940)
• Quarterly employment taxes (Form 941)
• Employers annual federal tax returns (Form 944)
• Corporate income tax returns (Form 1120)
• S-corporation returns (Form 1120S)
• Extension for corporate returns (Form 7004)
• Income tax returns for private foundations (Form 990-PF)

However, as is the case is with the EFW option, if a service provider fails to forward your payment to the Treasury, you are responsible for the missed payment, including potential penalties and interest.

Electronic Federal Tax Payment System

EFTPS is a system that allows individuals and businesses to pay all their federal taxes electronically, including income, employment, estimated, and excise taxes. EFTPS is available to both individuals and businesses and, once enrolled, taxpayers can use the system to pay their taxes 24 hours a day, seven days a week, year round. Businesses can schedule payments 120 days in advance while individuals can schedule payments 365 days in advance. With EFTPS, you indicate the date on which funds are to be moved from your account to pay your taxes. You can also change or cancel a payment up to 2 business days in advance of the scheduled payment date.

EFTPS is an ideal payment option for taxpayers who make monthly installment agreement payments or quarterly 1040ES estimated payments. Businesses should also consider using EFTPS to make payments that their third-party provider is not making for them.

EFTPS is a free tax payment system provided by the Treasury Department that allows you to make all your tax payments on-line or by phone. You must enroll in EFTPS, however, but the process is simple.

We would be happy to discuss these payment options and which may best suit your individual or business needs. Please call our office learn more about your on-line federal tax payment options.

The Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) program, originally created by the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, has been enhanced and time and again, and through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (2009 Recovery Act) provides a powerhouse of incentives for employers to hire certain workers. The credit serves as an incentive for businesses to employ minimum wage or economically disadvantaged workers.

The Work Opportunity Credit

The Work Opportunity Credit, under Code Sec. 51, seeks to provide employers with an incentive to hire persons from targeted groups with a particularly high unemployment rate or other special employment needs. The credit targets ten groups for employment assistance, including" qualified recipients under the temporary assistance for needy families program, food stamp and supplemental security income recipients, veterans, ex-felons, high-risk youth, vocational rehabilitation referrals, and summer youth employees. Additionally, the 2009 Recovery Act creates two new categories of targeted groups under the existing Work Opportunity Tax Credit: unemployed veterans and "disconnected youth." These new categories apply to individuals who are hired and begin work in 2009 or 2010.

The credit is equal to a percentage of qualified wages paid during the employee's first year of employment, based on the number of hours worked, for a maximum of $6,000 of wages paid to each individual. With regard to targeted individuals hired after September 30, 1996 and before September 1, 2011, employers can generally claim a work opportunity credit equal to 40 percent up to $6,000 of qualified wages paid during the employee's first year of employment, provided that the targeted employee performs at least 400 hours of service.

Accounting for long-term family assistance

The Welfare-to-Work Credit under Code Sec. 51A (now extinct because it has been rolled into the WOTC) was a nearly identical program, except that it was specifically aimed at recipients of long-term family assistance. The Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (TRHCA) repealed Code Sec. 51A and merged the welfare-to-work credit into the work opportunity credit for 2007. Now, for tax year 2009, not only is the amount of the combined credit similar to the calculation for the work opportunity credit, but it also includes provisions for recipients of long-term family assistance.

The WOTC is combined with the Welfare-to-Work credit for qualified individuals who being working for an employer after December 31, 2006 and before September 1, 2011. For tax year 2007, the combined credit under TRHCA only includes 50 percent of the second-year wages of long-term family assistance recipients, but it also increases the maximum credit per employee to $10,000.

Please call our offices if you want further information on how your business might qualify for the Work Opportunity Credit.

No, taxpayers may destroy the original hardcopy of books and records and the original computerized records detailing the expenses of a business if they use an electronic storage system.

Business often maintain their books and records by scanning hardcopies of their documents onto a computer hard drive, burning them onto compact disc, or saving them to a portable storage device. The IRS classifies records stored in this manner as an "electronic storage system." Businesses using an electronic storage system are considered to have fulfilled IRS records requirements for all taxpayers, should they meet certain requirements. And, they have the freedom to reduce the amount of paperwork their enterprise must manage.

Record-keeping requirements

Code Sec. 6001 requires all persons liable for tax to keep records as the IRS requires. In addition to persons liable for tax, those who file informational returns must file such returns and make use of their records to prove their gross income, deductions, credits, and other matters. For example, businesses must substantiate deductions for business expenses with appropriate records and they must file informational returns showing salaries and benefits paid to employees.

It is possible for businesses using an electronic storage system to satisfy these requirements under Code Sec. 6001. However, they must fulfill certain obligations.

Paperwork reduction

In addition, using an electronic storage system may allow businesses to destroy the original hardcopy of their books and records, as well as the original computerized records used to fulfill the record-keeping requirements of code Sec. 6001. To take advantage of this option, taxpayers must:

(1) Test their electronic storage system to establish that hardcopy and computerized books and records are being reproduced according to certain requirements, and

(2) Implement procedures to assure that its electronic storage system is compliant with IRS requirements into the future.

Our firm would be glad to work with you to meet the IRS's specifications, should you want to establish a computerized recordkeeping system for your business. The time spent now can be worth considerable time and money saved by a streamlined and organized system of receipts and records.

Although taxes may take a back seat to the basic issue of whether refinancing saves enough money to be worthwhile, you should be aware of the basic tax rules that come into play. Sometimes, you can immediately deduct some of the costs of refinancing.

With mortgage rates at the lowest level in years, you may be debating whether to refinance your adjustable-rate or higher-interest fixed-rate mortgage to lock in what looks like a real bargain. Although taxes may take a back seat to the basic issue of whether refinancing saves enough money to be worthwhile, you should be aware of the basic tax rules that come into play. Sometimes, you can immediately deduct some of the costs of refinancing.

Boom in refinancing

Escalating home prices in many parts of the country have motivated many homeowners to refinance their existing mortgages. Many people are refinancing to secure cash for home improvements or to pay debts. These are often called "cash-out" refinancings because you receive cash back from the lender based upon the difference between the old and new mortgages.

Example. You have an existing mortgage of $195,000. Your home is valued at $325,000. You refinance and take a new mortgage for $225,000. You receive $30,000 from the lender and use the money to pay for home improvements.

Cash-out refinancings account for more than one-half of all refinancings. Some estimates pegged the value of "cash-out" refinancings at more than $100 billion in 2001.

Original mortgage points

The term "points" is used to describe certain charges paid, or treated as paid, by a borrower to obtain a mortgage. Generally, for individuals who itemize, points paid by a borrower at the time a home is purchased are immediately deductible as interest if they are charged solely for the use or forbearance of the lender's money. Points for this purpose include:

• Loan origination fees;

• Processing fees;

• Maximum loan charges; and

• Premium fees.

Amounts paid for services provided by the lender, however, are not deductible as interest. These services include:

• Appraisal fees;

• Credit investigation charges;

• Recording fees; and

• Inspection fees.

Refinancing points

Unlike points paid on an original mortgage, you cannot immediately deduct points paid for refinancing. However, if refinancing proceeds are used to refinance an existing mortgage and to pay for improvements, the portion of points attributable to the improvements is immediately deductible.

With interest rates so low, many homeowners are refinancing for the second or even third time. If you are refinancing for a second time, you may immediately deduct points paid and not yet deducted from the previously refinanced mortgage.

Example. You refinanced your home mortgage several years ago and used the proceeds to pay off your first mortgage. Your refinancing mortgage (loan #2) was a 30-year fixed-rate loan for $100,000. You paid three points ($3,000) on the refinancing. Because all of the loan proceeds were used to pay off the original mortgage and none were used to buy or substantially improve your home, all of the points on the refinancing loan must be deducted over the loan term. This year, you refinance again (loan #3) when there's a remaining (not-yet-deducted) points balance of $2,400 on loan #2. You can deduct the $2,400 as home mortgage interest on your 2003 return.

Deducting interest

Generally, home mortgage interest is any interest you pay on a loan secured by your home. The loan may be a first mortgage, a second mortgage, a line of credit, or a home equity loan.

The interest deduction for points is determined by dividing the points paid by the number of payments to be made over the life of the loan. Usually, this information is available from lenders. You may deduct points only for those payments made in the tax year.

Example. You paid $2,000 in points. You will make 360 payments on a 30-year mortgage. You may deduct $5.65 per monthly payment, or a total of $66.72, if you make 12 payments in one year.

Refinancing is anything but simple. There may be additional complications if there are several mortgages on your home or if you own a vacation home as well as a principal home. Please contact this office if you are considering refinancing now or in the near future.

You have just been notified that your tax return is going to be audited ... what now? While the best defense is always a good offense (translation: take steps to avoid an audit in the first place), in the event the IRS does come knocking on your door, here are some basic guidelines you can follow to increase the chances that you will come out of your audit unscathed.

You have just been notified that your tax return is going to be audited ... what now? While the best defense is always a good offense (translation: take steps to avoid an audit in the first place), in the event the IRS does come knocking on your door, here are some basic guidelines you can follow to increase the chances that you will come out of your audit unscathed.

Relax. It is a normal reaction upon receiving notice of an audit to panic and feel particularly singled out, however, as in most situations, panic can be counterproductive. A better course of action is to contact an experienced professional to get additional guidance as to how best to proceed to prepare for the audit as well as to get reassurance that everything will be fine.

Be professional. In the event that you have any type of communication with the IRS prior to your audit -- written or verbal, it's important that you act in a professional, business-like manner. Verbally abusing the auditor or becoming defensive is not a good way to start off your relationship with him or her.

Organization is very important. Before the audit, take the time to gather all of your documents together and consider how they will be presented. While throwing them all into a box in a haphazard fashion is certainly one way to present your documents to your auditor, this method will also be sure to raise at least one eyebrow ... and encourage him or her to dig deeper.

As you gather your data, you may need to re-create records if no longer available. This may involve calls to charities, medical offices, the DMV, etc., to obtain the written documentation required for verification of deductions claimed. Once you are confident that you have all of the necessary documentation, organize it in a binder, separated by category as shown on your return. This will allow quick and easy access to these records during the actual audit, something that the auditor will appreciate and will give him/her the impression that you are organized and thorough.

Leave the face to face to a professional. Make sure that you retain the services of a tax professional, most likely the person who prepared your return. Having a tax professional appear on your behalf for your audit is beneficial in a number of ways.

• A tax professional is emotionally detached from the return and less likely to become angry or defensive if questioned.
• A tax professional can serve as a "buffer" between you and the IRS -- indicating that he/she will need to get back to the auditor on certain issues, can buy you extra time to prepare for an issue raised you didn't consider.
• A tax professional can keep an auditor on track, making sure all inquiries are relevant to the return areas being audited.

If you disagree, appeal. If you disagree with the outcome of the audit, you still have the right to send your case to the IRS Appeals division for review. Appeals officers are usually more experienced than auditors and are more likely to negotiate with you, if necessary.

As for the "best defense is a good offense" comment? In this case, this old adage applies to how you approach the tax return preparation process throughout the year, year-in and year-out.

• Good recordkeeping is key. Maintaining complete and accurate records throughout the year reduces the chance that you will forget to provide important information to your tax preparer, which can increase your chances of audit. Good recordkeeping will also result in a more relaxed reaction to notification of an audit as most of your upfront audit work will be complete -- this is especially true if you audit pertains to a tax year several years in the past! Tax records should be retained for at least 3 years after the filing date.
• Provide ALL relevant information to your tax preparer. When your tax preparer is fully informed of all tax-related events that occurring during the year, the chances for errors or omissions on your return dramatically decrease.
• Keep a low profile. Error-free, complete tax returns that are filed in a timely manner don't have the tendency to raise any of those infamous "red flags" with the IRS. During the year, if the IRS does send you correspondence, it should be responded to immediately and fully. Don't hesitate to retain professional assistance to help you "fly under the radar".

While the odds of your tax return being audited remain very low, it does happen to even the most diligent taxpayers. If you are contacted about an examination by the IRS, take a deep breath, relax and contact the office as soon as possible for additional assistance and guidance.

The responsibility for remitting federal tax payments to the IRS in a timely manner can be overwhelming for the small business owner -- the deadlines seem never ending and the penalties for late payments can be stiff. However, many small business owners may find that participating in the IRS's EFTPS program is a convenient, timesaving way to pay their federal taxes.

The responsibility for remitting federal tax payments to the IRS in a timely manner can be overwhelming for the small business owner -- the deadlines seem never ending and the penalties for late payments can be stiff. However, many small business owners may find that participating in the IRS's EFTPS program is a convenient, timesaving way to pay their federal taxes.

The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS) is a simple way for businesses to make their federal tax payments. It is easy to use, fast, convenient, secure and accurate. It also saves business owners time and money in making federal tax payments because there are no last minute trips to the bank, no waiting lines, no envelopes, stamps, couriers, etc. And best of all, tax payments are initiated right from your office!

What is the EFTPS?

EFTPS is an electronic tax payment system through which businesses can make all of their federal tax deposits or payments. The system is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week for businesses to make their tax payments either through the use of their own PC, by telephone, or through a program offered by a financial institution.

What federal tax payments are covered by EFTPS?

Some taxpayers mistakenly assume that EFTPS applies only to the deposit of employment taxes. EFTPS has much broader reach. It can be used to make tax payments electronically for a long list of payment obligations:

• Form 720, Quarterly Federal Excise Tax Return;
• Form 940, Employer's Annual Federal Unemployment Tax (FUTA) Return;
• Form 941, Employer's Quarterly Federal Tax Return;
• Form 943, Employer's Annual Tax Return For Agricultural Employees;
• Form 945, Annual Return of Withheld Federal Income Tax;
• Form 990-C, Farmer's Cooperative Association Income Tax Return;
• Form 990-PF, Return of Private Foundation;
• Form 990-T, Exempt Organization Business Income Tax Return Section 4947(a)(1) Charitable Trust Treated as Private Foundation;
• Form 1041, Fiduciary Income Tax Return;
• Form 1042, Annual Withholding Tax Return for U.S. Sources of Income for Foreign Persons;
• Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return; and
• Form CT-1, Employer's Annual Railroad Retirement Tax Return.

How can I get started using EFTPS?

To enroll in EFTPS, the taxpayer must complete IRS Form 9779, Business Enrollment Form, and mailing it to the EFTPS Enrollment Center. To obtain a copy of IRS Form 9779 a taxpayer or practitioner can call EFTPS Customer Service at 1-800-945-8400 or 1-800-555-4477. The enrollment form may also be requested from the IRS Forms Distribution Center at1-800-829-3676.

After you complete and mail the enrollment form, EFTPS processes the enrollment and sends you a Confirmation Packet, which includes a step-by-step Payment Instruction Booklet. You will also receive a PIN under separate cover. Once the Confirmation Packet and the PIN are received, you can begin to make tax payments electronically.

What flexibility is available within the EFTPS for payment options?

There are two primary ways to make payment under EFTPS - directly to EFTPS or through a financial institution. If you wish to make payments directly to EFTPS, the "ACH debit method" should be selected on the enrollment form. Deposits and payments are made using this method by instructing EFTPS to move funds from the business bank account to the Treasury's account on a date you designate. You can instruct EFTPS by either calling a toll-free number, and using the automated telephone system, or by using a PC to initiate the payment.

If you instead elect to make payments through a financial institution, the "ACH credit method" should be chosen on the enrollment form. This method works by using a payment system offered by the financial institution through which you instruct the institution to electronically move funds from your account to a Treasury account.

Although the ACH debit and the ACH credit methods are the primary payment methods for EFTPS, a taxpayer may also choose the Same Day Payment Method. You should contact your financial institution to determine if it can make a same day payment.

If I provide the IRS with access to my bank account, can it access my account for any other purposes?

It is important to note you retain total control of when a payment is made under EFTPS because you initiate the process in all instances. In addition, at no time does the government or any other party have access to your account from which the deposits are made. The only way to authorize deposits or payments from your account is through use of the PIN that is given to you upon enrollment.

Many businesses have recognized the convenience of voluntary participation in the IRS's EFTPS program. If you are interested in discussing whether your business would also benefit from this program, please contact the office for a consultation.

Keeping the family business in the family upon the death or retirement of the business owner is not as easy as one would think. In fact, almost 30% of all family businesses never successfully pass to the next generation. What many business owners do not know is that many problems can be avoided by developing a sound business succession plan in advance.

Keeping the family business in the family upon the death or retirement of the business owner is not as easy as one would think. In fact, almost 30% of all family businesses never successfully pass to the next generation. What many business owners do not know is that many problems can be avoided by developing a sound business succession plan in advance.

In the event of a business owner's demise or retirement, the absence of a good business succession plan can endanger the financial stability of his business as well as the financial security of his family. With no plan to follow, many families are forced to scramble to outsiders to provide capital and acquire management expertise.

Here are some ideas to consider when you decided to begin the process of developing your business' succession plan:

Start today. Succession planning for the family-owned business is particularly difficult because not only does the founder have to address his own mortality, but he must also address issues that are specific to the family-owned business such as sibling rivalry, marital situations, and other family interactions. For these and other reasons, succession planning is easy to put off. But do you and your family a favor by starting the process as soon as possible to ensure a smooth, stress-free transition from one generation to the next.

Look at succession as a process. In the ideal situation, management succession would not take place at any one time in response to an event such as the death, disability or retirement of the founder, but would be a gradual process implemented over several years. Successful succession planning should include the planning, selection and preparation of the next generation of managers; a transition in management responsibility; gradual decrease in the role of the previous managers; and finally discontinuation of any input by the previous managers.

Choose needs over desires. Your foremost consideration should be the needs of the business rather than the desires of family members. Determine what the goals of the business are and what individual has the leadership skills and drive to reach them. Consider bringing in competent outside advisors and/or mediators to resolve any conflicts that may arise as a result of the business decisions you must make.

Be honest. Be honest in your appraisal of each family member's strengths and weaknesses. Whomever you choose as your successor (or part of the next management team), it is critical that a plan is developed early enough so these individuals can benefit from your (and the existing management team's) experience and knowledge.

Other considerations

A business succession plan should not only address management succession, but transfer of ownership and estate planning issues as well. Buy-sell agreements, stock gifting, trusts, and wills all have their place in the succession process and should be discussed with your professional advisors for integration into the plan.

Developing a sound business succession plan is a big step towards ensuring that your successful family-owned business doesn't become just another statistic. Please contact the office for more information and a consultation regarding how you should proceed with your business' succession plan.

Q. Our daughter is entering college and we're considering seeking financial aid to help with tuition expenses. My spouse and I have always made the maximum contributions to our IRA accounts. Will our IRA accounts effect our child's ability to get financial aid for college costs? Should we hold off on this year's IRA contributions?

Q. Our daughter is entering college and we're considering seeking financial aid to help with tuition expenses. My spouse and I have always made the maximum contributions to our IRA accounts. Will our IRA accounts effect our child's ability to get financial aid for college costs? Should we hold off on this year's IRA contributions?

A. Go ahead and make the contributions. The child's parents' retirement assets are not taken into consideration when determining eligibility for many forms of financial aid. Therefore, neither of your regular or Roth IRA accounts should affect your child's ability to obtain federal financial aid. Please note, though, that an educational IRA established for your child would be considered an asset of your child for these purposes. Since the parents' taxable income is a main consideration when applying for financial aid, you should plan to keep your taxable income at a minimum in those years when your child is just about to enter college if you would like to obtain federal aid. Contact the college's financial aid center for more details and guidelines.

In addition, Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 added a provision that provides penalty-free treatment for all IRA distributions made after December 31, 1997 if the taxpayer uses the amounts to pay qualified higher education expenses (including graduate level courses). This special treatment applies to all qualified expenses of the taxpayer, the taxpayer's spouse, or any child, or grandchild of the individual or the individual's spouse. "Qualified expenses" include tuition, fees, books, supplies, equipment required for enrollment or attendance, and room and board at a post-secondary educational institution.

Limited liability companies (LLCs) remain one of the most popular choice of business forms in the U.S. today. This form of business entity is a hybrid that features the best characteristics of other forms of business entities, making it a good choice for both new and existing businesses and their owners.

Limited liability companies (LLCs) remain one of the most popular choice of business forms in the U.S. today. This form of business entity is a hybrid that features the best characteristics of other forms of business entities, making it a good choice for both new and existing businesses and their owners.

An LLC is a legal entity existing separately from its owners that has certain characteristics of both a corporation (limited liability) and a partnership (pass-through taxation). An LLC is created when articles of organization (or the equivalent under each state rules) are filed with the proper state authority, and all fees are paid. An operating agreement detailing the terms agreed to by the members usually accompanies the articles of organization.

Choosing the LLC as a Business Entity

Choosing the form of business entity for a new company is one of the first decisions that a new business owner will have to make. Here's how LLCs compare to other forms of entities:

C Corporation: Both C corporations and LLCs share the favorable limited liability feature and lack of restrictions on number of shareholders. Unlike LLCs, C corporations are subject to double taxation for federal tax purposes - once at the corporate level and the again at the shareholder level. C corporations do not have the ability to make special allocations amongst the shareholders like LLCs.

S Corporation: Both S corporations and LLCs permit pass-through taxation. However, unlike an S corporation, an LLC is not limited to the number or kind of members it can have, potentially giving it greater access to capital. LLCs are also not restricted to a single class of stock, resulting in greater flexibility in the allocation of gains, losses, deductions and credits. And for estate planning purposes, LLCs are a much more flexible tool than S corporations

Partnership: Partnerships, like LLCs, are "pass-through" entities that avoid double taxation. The greatest difference between a partnership and an LLC is that members of LLCs can participate in management without being subject to personal liability, unlike general partners in a partnership.

Sole Proprietorship: Companies that operate as sole proprietors report their income and expenses on Schedule C of Form 1040. Unlike LLCs, sole proprietors' personal liability is unlimited and ownership is limited to one owner. And while generally all of the earnings of a sole proprietorship are subject to self-employment taxes, some LLC members may avoid self-employment taxes under certain circumstances

Tax Consequences of Conversion to an LLC

In most cases, changing your company's form of business to an LLC will be a tax-free transaction. However, there are a few cases where careful consideration of the tax consequences should be analyzed prior to conversion. Here are some general guidelines regarding the tax effects of converting an existing entity to an LLC:

C Corporation to an LLC: Unfortunately, this transaction most likely will be considered a liquidation of the corporation and the formation of a new LLC for federal tax purposes. This type of conversion can result in major tax consequences for the corporation as well as the shareholders and should be considered very carefully.

S Corporation to an LLC: If the corporation was never a C corporation, or wasn't a C corporation within the last 10 years, in most cases, this conversion should be tax-free at the corporate level. However, the tax consequences of such a conversion may be different for the S corporation's shareholders. Since the S corporation is a flow-through entity, and has only one level of tax at the shareholder level, any gain incurred at the corporate level passes through to the shareholders. If, at the time of conversion, the fair market value of the S corporation's assets exceeds their tax basis, the corporation's shareholders may be liable for individual income taxes. Thus, any gain incurred at the corporate level from the appreciation of assets passes through to the S corporation's shareholders when the S corporation transfers assets to the LLC.

Partnership to LLC: This conversion should be tax-free and the new LLC would be treated as a continuation of the partnership.

Sole proprietorship to an LLC: This conversion is another example of a tax-free conversion to an LLC.

While considering the potential tax consequences of conversion is important, keep in mind how your change in entity will also affect the non-tax elements of your business operations. How will a conversion to an LLC effect existing agreements with suppliers, creditors, and financial institutions?

Taxation of LLCs and "Check-the-Box" Regulations

Before federal "check-the-box" regulations were enacted at the end of 1996, it wasn't easy for LLCs to be classified as a partnership for tax purposes. However, the "check-the-box" regulations eliminated many of the difficulties of obtaining partnership tax treatment for an LLC. Under the check-the-box rules, most LLCs with two or more members would receive partnership status, thus avoiding taxation at the entity level as an "association taxed as a corporation."

If an LLC has more than 2 members, it will automatically be classified as a partnership for federal tax purposes. If the LLC has only one member, it will automatically be classified as a sole proprietor and would report all income and expenses on Form 1040, Schedule C. LLCs wishing to change the automatic classification must file Form 8832, Entity Classification Election.

Keep in mind that state tax laws related to LLCs may differ from federal tax laws and should be addressed when considering the LLC as the form of business entity for your business.

Since the information provided is general in nature and may not apply to your specific circumstances, please contact the office for more information or further clarification.

What do amounts paid for new swimming pools, Lamaze classes, lunches with friends, massages, and America Online fees have in common? All of these costs have been found to be legitimate tax deductions under certain circumstances. As you gather your information for the preparation of your tax return, it may pay to take a closer look at the items you spent money on during the year.

What do amounts paid for new swimming pools, Lamaze classes, lunches with friends, massages, and America Online fees have in common? All of these costs have been found to be legitimate tax deductions under certain circumstances. As you gather your information for the preparation of your tax return, it may pay to take a closer look at the items you spent money on during the year.

Medical Expenses

Medical expenses that you pay during the tax year for yourself, your spouse, and your dependents are deductible to the extent the total exceeds 7.5% of your adjusted gross income. This limitation can be hard to reach if you claim only medical insurance premiums and the co-pay on your kid's doctors' visits. Keep these potential deductions in mind as you tally up this year's medical expenses:

To maximize your deduction, try to bunch your medical expenses into one year to exceed the 7.5% limit. For example, schedule costly elective medical and dental treatments to be performed and billed in the same tax year.

Taxes Paid

Many of the taxes that you pay such as real estate taxes for your home, state and local taxes, and auto registration fees are deductible as itemized deductions on your return. Don't forget these:

Interest Expense

Although in recent years Congress has made the tax laws regarding interest deductions more strict, much of the interest that you pay during the year is still deductible. For interest paid to be deductible, you must be legally responsible for the underlying debt and the debt must result from a valid debtor-creditor relationship. While gathering your home mortgage interest numbers, dig a little deeper to get this inf

Since personal interest paid on credit cards and other unsecured loans is not deductible, it may be wise to make that interest deductible by paying off that debt with a home-equity loan. Interest on home-equity loans of up to $100,000 is generally deductible on your return.

Miscellaneous Expenses

Miscellaneous itemized deductions such as unreimbursed employee business expenses and tax preparation fees are deductible to the extent that the total of all of these expenses is more than 2% of your adjusted gross income. Here's a few more to add to the list:

Take the time this year to evaluate all of your expenditures made last year; you may be pleasantly surprised by what you find.